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The character of house-hold of Kyrgyz in the past was nomad’s, which left the deep tracks on material culture. The style of housing construction, the articles of house-hold, the transportation all of it depended on conditions of life, on steady seasonal migration.
For transportation on highlands canyons, on impassable and narrow path it was necessary to have light transfer dwelling. Yurta met all these requirements. It was very comfortable, easy fixed and
assembling. In weights about 350kg, and that is why it is easily transferred on pack animals.
The construction of yurta it is wood-birch, willow, poplar. The willow is flexible and firm, was used for making “kerege”,trellised frame of yurta and and for poles. For “tyunduk” was used birch. The wood parts of yurta were fasten by raw leather belts.
Thick felt is main material in decorating of yurta. From it are made the majority of house-hold articles. Because of it’s natural property: compactness and waterproof it is used in cavering of yurta. By it’s flexibility , thick felt organically repeats the shape of yurta.
Yurta is called “ak ui”-the white house ”ordo”(set of “bi”), “boz ui”-grey house. The stylization of yurta is womanly inside, because the majority of articles are made by hands of embroiders and manly outside-firm, hardy, the construction of it meets the weather conditions.
The inside decoration of yurta meets all national canons. The right side of yurta calls “epchi jak”- moman’s part. The left part-“er jak”-man’s part, where were kept house articles of trade and hunter. Also it was the place where warked master-“usta”In front of the entry-“toor” was place for guests. It was obvious by the apportions from the right side “djuka” was hanging “tekche”, in which was kept woman’s hat-“elechek, from the left side “djuka”was put “ala bakan”-pole, decorated by silver and precious stones on which were hanging the rich coat from fur of fox, marten, from brocade and velvet. “Kolomto”-the saint place of hearth, located next to the exit.
On the white thick felt covering , the firmament of yurta was decorated by crossing lines, which not just decorated but also fixed the wooden parts of yurta. The rim of yurta was decorated by “chachyk”, hanging and fixing the poles, giving the balance and coloring of garlands of bright red threads.
Decorated by embroidery, art carving-yurta was the creation of man’s hands. The fantasy of embroiders and rich experience allowed to created beautiful things, meeting all requirements of aesthetic taste, giving the things all beauty of surrounding nature. Keeping and passing on from one generation to another the yurta is not just a dwelling but a creative workshop for national creation. The yurta incarnated all kinds of handicrafts meeting the utilities requirements of mode, it’s charring the aesthetic ritual beginning.
Usually yurta was set on the top of mountain for observing the beauty of endless walleyes, canyons, and to watch over the pasture.
It is well known that turk people oriented the exit of yurta to the east. Sometimes the exit of yurta was oriented depending on conditions of place( location of villages toward the mountains, rivers, and direction of dominated winds). On the summer pastures yurts in the villages very often were set in a circle and all doors of yurts were turned to the center, incarnating the ancient model of world as a meragon.
Sometimes yurta also was set by the exit to the south-on mongolian.
Besides all these different were peculiarities in setting of yurta. The main different takes to the shape of dome’s part of yurta. In the north part of country the dome of yurta is cone-shaped, in the south of country and in Talas and Chatkal walleyes the dome has half-spherical shape, thanks to the sharp bend of lower parts of dome’s poles. The different in kinds of yurts don’t limited by the shapes of dome, it is also observes in the way of covering the yurta by thick felt in two rows( the lower row covers the trellised part and upper the dome’s part).In some regions ( in the walleyes of Talas and in some south regions) yurta is covered from top to the end by three or four rows of thick felt which don’t reach the ground on 20-25sm-such way of covering of yurta was practiced during the time of summer pastures migration.
The order of construction of Yurt
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1. Draw a circle by diameter of yurt. |
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2. To set the doorway. |
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3. On drew circle to set “kerege” and fix it between each other by robes. |
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4. The top part of “kerege” tied by ribbon “kerege tangych” by the size of yurt. |
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5. With the help of pole in the center raised”Tunduk” on the height of “uuks” and supporting it set 6-10(uuks)bu the different sides of yurt. |
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6. The top part of “uuks”is fix in a special opening in “tunduk” and fix it by the same side to the “kerege”. |
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7. The all “uuks” should be tied up by narrow ribbon ”uuk-tankych”. |
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8. "Jabyk bash” is fixing by ornamental part inside of the yurt. |
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9. “Kanat-chyi”-is fexed by “kerege” around the yurt. |
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11. “Tuurduk”(the side thick felt) is banned by narrow ribbons “tuurduk boo”. |
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12. “Tuurduk” is fixed in the center by robe “bel-kyrchoo”. |
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13. “Eshik-chyi”(the door of yurta) is banned to the “tunduk”. |
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14. First of all the front side of yurta should be covered by thick felt “uzuk”, and it’s ribbons “uzuk-boo” are bonned to the “bel-kurchoo”. |
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15. After it the second part is also covered by thick felt “uzuk”. |
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16. The last row is covered by thick felt “tunduk jabuu”. |
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